Analysis of Historic Ozone Concentration in California

Tarrik Quneibi

1 Background

Groundlevel ozone formation mostly occurs when nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), react in the atmosphere in the presence of UV (sunlight). Motor vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and chemical solvents are the major sources of these pollutants in urban areas, although winds can carry NOx hundreds of kilometers, causing ozone formation to occur in less populated regions as well. Ground level ozone can be harmful to human health in higher concentrations with the NIOSH recommended exposure limit for ozone to be 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/m3).

2 California Ozone Data

Taking a look at the California ozone data in 2005 from the California Air Resources Board (CARB), we see that the data are composed of date, location, concentration, and spatial geometry columns. This spatial geometry data allows us to use GIS mapping packages, such as leaflet used here, to plot our data across a spatial area.

California Ozone Concentration Data

Index	Date	Site	O3	geometry
1	20050808	2008	0.044	POINT (-120.0258 34.4622)
2	20050808	2013	0.081	POINT (-119.7413 36.7055)
3	20050808	2016	0.035	POINT (-121.7333 36.4819)
4	20050808	2032	0.080	POINT (-119.2908 36.3325)
5	20050808	2040	0.053	POINT (-117.1289 32.8364)
6	20050808	2077	0.077	POINT (-117.1477 34.0588)
7	20050808	2088	0.051	POINT (-119.3152 34.2805)
8	20050808	2094	0.059	POINT (-121.2688 37.9516)
9	20050808	2102	0.041	POINT (-121.8836 38.0169)
10	20050808	2105	0.027	POINT (-122.7091 38.4436)
11	20050808	2114	0.090	POINT (-119.5036 36.5975)
12	20050808	2115	0.069	POINT (-121.8422 39.7575)
13	20050808	2123	0.057	POINT (-121.3811 38.7122)
14	20050808	2125	0.029	POINT (-122.2033 37.4824)
15	20050808	2143	0.052	POINT (-121.773 38.5352)
16	20050808	2160	0.083	POINT (-118.1277 34.1322)
17	20050808	2199	0.068	POINT (-116.4899 33.8194)
18	20050808	2208	0.078	POINT (-120.1847 39.3274)
19	20050808	2221	0.096	POINT (-117.2736 34.1066)
20	20050808	2225	0.019	POINT (-122.2672 37.8013)
21	20050808	2249	0.065	POINT (-117.9522 33.9252)
22	20050808	2263	0.061	POINT (-117.0753 33.1278)
23	20050808	2266	0.094	POINT (-117.4922 34.1005)
24	20050808	2293	0.035	POINT (-121.9616 37.5358)
25	20050808	2312	0.097	POINT (-118.8505 35.3458)
26	20050808	2320	0.057	POINT (-121.5752 36.9997)
27	20050808	2321	0.036	POINT (-120.8428 35.3664)
28	20050808	2327	0.060	POINT (-116.9424 32.7908)
29	20050808	2329	0.032	POINT (-122.1939 37.0119)
30	20050808	2360	0.036	POINT (-120.4577 34.6377)
31	20050808	2368	0.051	POINT (-117.2633 32.9524)
32	20050808	2373	0.029	POINT (-122.3977 37.7661)
33	20050808	2410	0.030	POINT (-122.238 38.1025)
34	20050808	2420	0.105	POINT (-118.5327 34.1991)
35	20050808	2429	0.047	POINT (-118.1894 33.8241)
36	20050808	2460	0.078	POINT (-116.7683 32.8422)
37	20050808	2484	0.084	POINT (-117.9239 34.1364)
38	20050808	2485	0.095	POINT (-117.6288 34.1033)
39	20050808	2492	0.079	POINT (-118.3169 34.1758)
40	20050808	2494	0.067	POINT (-118.4566 34.0505)
41	20050808	2499	0.094	POINT (-117.2755 34.2413)
42	20050808	2525	0.081	POINT (-117.2277 33.7888)
43	20050808	2551	0.077	POINT (-115.5631 32.7922)
44	20050808	2583	0.048	POINT (-118.2108 33.9288)
45	20050808	2589	0.052	POINT (-117.0592 32.6314)
46	20050808	2593	0.059	POINT (-120.0733 34.6077)
47	20050808	2596	0.101	POINT (-117.4152 34.0005)
48	20050808	2613	0.038	POINT (-121.9791 37.228)
49	20050808	2622	0.028	POINT (-122.5183 37.9727)
50	20050808	2628	0.046	POINT (-121.3622 36.8433)
51	20050808	2650	0.089	POINT (-117.2861 34.4158)
52	20050808	2655	0.033	POINT (-122.2941 38.3113)
53	20050808	2671	0.036	POINT (-120.6322 35.1239)
54	20050808	2709	0.034	POINT (-120.6578 35.2822)
55	20050808	2731	0.078	POINT (-121.3678 38.6136)
56	20050808	2744	0.062	POINT (-121.998 39.1888)
57	20050808	2752	0.056	POINT (-122.6336 41.7267)
58	20050808	2772	0.085	POINT (-119.0167 35.4381)
59	20050808	2804	0.041	POINT (-121.6413 38.0066)
60	20050808	2806	0.029	POINT (-122.0305 37.6541)
61	20050808	2829	0.059	POINT (-122.3808 40.5514)
62	20050808	2830	0.115	POINT (-117.5897 34.425)
63	20050808	2831	0.043	POINT (-122.0247 37.9391)
64	20050808	2833	0.082	POINT (-120.9942 37.6419)
65	20050808	2844	0.094	POINT (-119.8828 36.8417)
66	20050808	2849	0.099	POINT (-117.8499 34.1444)
67	20050808	2878	0.059	POINT (-116.2158 33.7083)
68	20050808	2880	0.089	POINT (-118.6836 34.2761)
69	20050808	2891	0.093	POINT (-121.1055 38.9394)
70	20050808	2894	0.038	POINT (-121.1152 36.2269)
71	20050808	2898	0.099	POINT (-117.75 34.0666)
72	20050808	2899	0.064	POINT (-118.2267 34.0664)
73	20050808	2914	0.050	POINT (-122.9219 39.033)
74	20050808	2919	0.068	POINT (-119.4027 35.0513)
75	20050808	2923	0.079	POINT (-117.0244 34.8938)
76	20050808	2933	0.041	POINT (-116.9383 32.5516)
77	20050808	2937	0.056	POINT (-117.9258 33.6738)
78	20050808	2941	0.094	POINT (-118.7758 35.2086)
79	20050808	2943	0.082	POINT (-117.3309 33.6763)
80	20050808	2954	0.051	POINT (-120.1963 34.5275)
81	20050808	2955	0.071	POINT (-120.6549 35.6147)
82	20050808	2956	0.077	POINT (-121.2647 38.7461)
83	20050808	2957	0.063	POINT (-119.7911 34.5416)
84	20050808	2958	0.063	POINT (-121.6191 39.1388)
85	20050808	2965	0.061	POINT (-120.6681 35.4917)
86	20050808	2968	0.068	POINT (-120.3786 37.9819)
87	20050808	2969	0.039	POINT (-121.8422 37.3913)
88	20050808	2972	0.061	POINT (-121.5764 40.5372)
89	20050808	2973	0.024	POINT (-122.1163 37.7099)
90	20050808	2977	0.054	POINT (-121.4208 38.3025)
91	20050808	2981	0.082	POINT (-119.2725 35.5036)
92	20050808	2983	0.061	POINT (-121.1717 36.4991)
93	20050808	2984	0.065	POINT (-118.87 34.2099)
94	20050808	2985	0.036	POINT (-121.7872 36.9325)
95	20050808	2991	0.054	POINT (-119.1431 34.2522)
96	20050808	2992	0.046	POINT (-120.4258 34.7233)
97	20050808	2993	0.067	POINT (-120.7644 38.3427)
98	20050808	2996	0.073	POINT (-120.8364 37.4883)
99	20050808	2997	0.050	POINT (-115.5164 32.6739)
100	20050808	3002	0.105	POINT (-120.9541 39.0997)
101	20050808	3003	0.029	POINT (-119.4572 34.4033)
102	20050808	3009	0.102	POINT (-119.7731 36.7819)
103	20050808	3010	0.055	POINT (-123.2002 39.1447)
104	20050808	3011	0.053	POINT (-121.4936 38.568)
105	20050808	3017	0.090	POINT (-120.8219 38.7247)
106	20050808	3018	0.063	POINT (-119.7058 37.7133)
107	20050808	3020	0.055	POINT (-120.9441 39.9397)
108	20050808	3022	0.082	POINT (-120.4336 37.2817)
109	20050808	3023	0.041	POINT (-120.6327 34.5961)
110	20050808	3026	0.097	POINT (-119.7164 36.8194)
111	20050808	3032	0.079	POINT (-122.2986 40.4531)
112	20050808	3036	0.097	POINT (-118.773 36.564)
113	20050808	3101	0.056	POINT (-120.0458 34.4897)
114	20050808	3116	0.036	POINT (-123.3497 39.4044)
115	20050808	3117	0.078	POINT (-121.75 39.1583)
116	20050808	3121	0.061	POINT (-118.1478 35.0503)
117	20050808	3124	0.066	POINT (-116.0553 34.1419)
118	20050808	3126	0.092	POINT (-121.0555 39.2336)
119	20050808	3129	0.070	POINT (-119.6436 36.3147)
120	20050808	3133	0.039	POINT (-122.0144 37.0522)
121	20050808	3135	0.096	POINT (-115.4831 32.6761)
122	20050808	3137	0.065	POINT (-122.1897 39.5172)
123	20050808	3138	0.043	POINT (-116.9869 32.5308)
124	20050808	3140	0.067	POINT (-121.5999 37.0794)
125	20050808	3141	0.049	POINT (-116.9763 32.4975)
126	20050808	3143	0.086	POINT (-115.6236 33.0325)
127	20050808	3144	0.079	POINT (-120.6802 38.2019)
128	20050808	3145	0.073	POINT (-119.0144 35.3853)
129	20050808	3146	0.081	POINT (-119.0627 35.3566)
130	20050808	3151	0.080	POINT (-116.8478 36.5089)
131	20050808	3152	0.073	POINT (-116.3888 34.0694)
132	20050808	3153	0.043	POINT (-119.8283 34.4455)
133	20050808	3157	0.083	POINT (-120.8456 39.3181)
134	20050808	3158	0.080	POINT (-122.0928 40.2622)
135	20050808	3161	0.068	POINT (-119.8416 37.5466)
136	20050808	3168	0.077	POINT (-116.8583 33.9208)
137	20050808	3172	0.077	POINT (-119.2458 34.4166)
138	20050808	3178	0.048	POINT (-117.1163 32.5136)
139	20050808	3183	0.046	POINT (-117.0558 32.3533)
140	20050808	3186	0.066	POINT (-115.5453 33.2136)
141	20050808	3187	0.102	POINT (-121.1644 38.683)
142	20050808	3196	0.111	POINT (-121 38.8906)
143	20050808	3197	0.079	POINT (-122.2366 40.1749)
144	20050808	3198	0.047	POINT (-117.3961 33.2169)
145	20050808	3200	0.037	POINT (-121.9908 36.9839)
146	20050808	3209	0.067	POINT (-121.2277 38.4719)
147	20050808	3211	0.071	POINT (-120.01 36.8672)
148	20050808	3215	0.072	POINT (-117.3722 35.7744)
149	20050808	3223	0.100	POINT (-121.5144 38.6366)
150	20050808	3249	0.071	POINT (-121.7305 38.6605)
151	20050808	3251	0.038	POINT (-120.5008 35.0316)
152	20050808	3255	0.074	POINT (-116.6186 32.575)
153	20050808	3265	0.075	POINT (-117.6755 33.6297)
154	20050808	3415	0.035	POINT (-122.0758 38.2269)
155	20050808	3484	0.100	POINT (-118.8341 36.4911)
156	20050808	3486	0.036	POINT (-120.4355 34.943)
157	20050808	3487	0.058	POINT (-120.0331 38.8117)
158	20050808	3489	0.035	POINT (-121.6233 36.6941)
159	20050808	3490	0.049	POINT (-121.78 37.68)
160	20050808	3491	0.079	POINT (-121.6177 39.7141)
161	20050808	3500	0.084	POINT (-117.325 34.5122)
162	20050808	3502	0.112	POINT (-118.5283 34.3833)
163	20050808	3505	0.082	POINT (-118.8097 34.4044)
164	20050808	3507	0.028	POINT (-122.0511 37.3558)
165	20050808	3658	0.111	POINT (-118.1305 34.6713)
166	20050808	3661	0.037	POINT (-121.8947 37.3483)
167	20050808	3664	0.051	POINT (-119.5938 37.743)
168	20050808	3665	0.044	POINT (-119.6908 34.4278)
169	20050808	3668	0.027	POINT (-122.3566 37.9602)
170	20050808	3673	0.053	POINT (-114.6005 33.6121)
171	20050808	3674	0.080	POINT (-117.9384 33.8306)
172	20050808	3678	0.044	POINT (-121.95 38.3583)
173	20050808	3683	0.059	POINT (-118.0433 33.9508)
174	20050808	3685	0.055	POINT (-119.9952 38.9102)
175	20050808	3690	0.054	POINT (-117.1527 32.7013)

3 Ozone Density

Plotting the density shows that the average concentration of ozone is about 0.065, and has multiple peaks, such as at concentrations of 0.036,0.059, and 0.079. This likely helps to establish the average since both high peaks are on either side of the mean.

4 Interactive Spatial Map

Plotting the ozone concentration data in leaflet and overlaying a heatmap shows that the highest concentrations of ozone occur in the Loas Angeles, and Sacramento areas.

5 Surface map

To get a different look on the spatial ozone concentration, a kernel density plot was created. This shows the two high concentration areas as the previous plot (Los Angeles, and Sacramento), but also gives a better picture of the areas around the two cities. Looking a the two peaks, we can see that one peak (Sacramento) tapers off quickly as we move away, while the other peak (Los Angeles) tapers off more gradually.

6 Historic Ozone Concentration Data

To see how the ozone concentration has changed over time, historic data from the California Air Resources Board (CARB) was used along with global temperature anomaly data from NASA. Looking at the data table below, we see that the data consists of date, location, annual average ozone concentration, latitude, longitude, ground elevation, and the temperature change columns.

California Ozone Concentration and Global Temperature Anomaly Data

	Date	LOCATION	ANNUAL	LATITUDE	LONGITUDE	ELEVATION	Lowess
1	1980	2008	0.120	34.46222	-120.0258	24	0.20
2	1980	2460	0.230	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.20
3	1980	2899	0.290	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.20
4	1980	2898	0.370	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.20
5	1980	2655	0.120	38.31139	-122.2942	22	0.20
6	1980	2525	0.290	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.20
7	1980	2249	0.310	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.20
8	1980	2589	0.160	32.63140	-117.0592	56	0.20
9	1980	2991	0.130	34.25220	-119.1431	34	0.20
10	1980	2499	0.320	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.20
11	1980	2420	0.380	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.20
12	1980	2040	0.180	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.20
13	1980	2484	0.410	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.20
14	1980	2596	0.370	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.20
15	1980	2492	0.350	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.20
16	1980	2199	0.210	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.20
17	1980	2125	0.150	37.48250	-122.2033	9	0.20
18	1980	2293	0.190	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.20
19	1980	2102	0.130	38.01694	-121.8836	9	0.20
20	1980	2410	0.140	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.20
21	1981	2410	0.120	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.21
22	1981	2199	0.190	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.21
23	1981	2525	0.240	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.21
24	1981	2484	0.350	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.21
25	1981	2293	0.160	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.21
26	1981	2125	0.130	37.48250	-122.2033	9	0.21
27	1981	2420	0.250	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.21
28	1981	2460	0.190	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.21
29	1981	2249	0.270	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.21
30	1981	2102	0.110	38.01694	-121.8836	9	0.21
31	1981	2008	0.110	34.46222	-120.0258	24	0.21
32	1981	2655	0.110	38.31139	-122.2942	22	0.21
33	1981	2499	0.350	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.21
34	1981	2040	0.200	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.21
35	1981	2596	0.300	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.21
36	1981	2589	0.170	32.63140	-117.0592	56	0.21
37	1981	2898	0.330	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.21
38	1981	2492	0.270	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.21
39	1981	2991	0.160	34.25220	-119.1431	34	0.21
40	1981	2899	0.320	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.21
41	1982	2199	0.190	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.22
42	1982	2040	0.230	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.22
43	1982	2102	0.100	38.01694	-121.8836	9	0.22
44	1982	2410	0.100	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.22
45	1982	2008	0.150	34.46222	-120.0258	24	0.22
46	1982	2249	0.320	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.22
47	1982	2484	0.360	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.22
48	1982	2125	0.100	37.48250	-122.2033	9	0.22
49	1982	2492	0.250	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.22
50	1982	2589	0.200	32.63140	-117.0592	56	0.22
51	1982	2525	0.280	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.22
52	1982	2293	0.140	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.22
53	1982	2499	0.320	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.22
54	1982	2596	0.310	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.22
55	1982	2420	0.220	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.22
56	1982	2460	0.180	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.22
57	1982	2991	0.150	34.25220	-119.1431	34	0.22
59	1982	2899	0.400	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.22
60	1982	2898	0.310	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.22
61	1983	2008	0.140	34.46222	-120.0258	24	0.21
62	1983	2102	0.140	38.01694	-121.8836	9	0.21
63	1983	2125	0.170	37.48250	-122.2033	9	0.21
64	1983	2293	0.160	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.21
65	1983	2040	0.280	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.21
66	1983	2484	0.390	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.21
67	1983	2460	0.180	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.21
68	1983	2249	0.270	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.21
69	1983	2199	0.190	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.21
70	1983	2525	0.260	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.21
71	1983	2655	0.110	38.31139	-122.2942	22	0.21
72	1983	2492	0.310	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.21
73	1983	2410	0.130	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.21
74	1983	2420	0.260	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.21
75	1983	2898	0.340	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.21
76	1983	2499	0.280	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.21
77	1983	2589	0.210	32.63140	-117.0592	56	0.21
78	1983	2899	0.260	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.21
79	1983	2991	0.150	34.25220	-119.1431	34	0.21
80	1983	2596	0.360	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.21
81	1984	2040	0.280	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.21
82	1984	2199	0.200	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.21
83	1984	2008	0.140	34.46222	-120.0258	24	0.21
84	1984	2125	0.110	37.48250	-122.2033	9	0.21
85	1984	2102	0.160	38.01694	-121.8836	9	0.21
86	1984	2249	0.320	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.21
87	1984	2410	0.140	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.21
88	1984	2484	0.310	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.21
89	1984	2293	0.150	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.21
90	1984	2460	0.160	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.21
91	1984	2492	0.260	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.21
92	1984	2589	0.150	32.63140	-117.0592	56	0.21
93	1984	2525	0.220	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.21
94	1984	2655	0.110	38.31139	-122.2942	22	0.21
95	1984	2499	0.340	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.21
96	1984	2596	0.320	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.21
97	1984	2420	0.260	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.21
98	1984	2898	0.310	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.21
99	1984	2991	0.140	34.25220	-119.1431	34	0.21
100	1984	2899	0.290	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.21
101	1985	2008	0.130	34.46222	-120.0258	24	0.22
102	1985	2040	0.220	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.22
103	1985	2199	0.240	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.22
104	1985	2410	0.120	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.22
105	1985	2125	0.130	37.48250	-122.2033	9	0.22
106	1985	2102	0.140	38.01694	-121.8836	9	0.22
107	1985	2293	0.150	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.22
108	1985	2249	0.340	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.22
109	1985	2492	0.300	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.22
110	1985	2484	0.360	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.22
111	1985	2525	0.290	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.22
112	1985	2460	0.220	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.22
113	1985	2655	0.110	38.31139	-122.2942	22	0.22
114	1985	2499	0.300	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.22
115	1985	2589	0.200	32.63140	-117.0592	56	0.22
116	1985	2420	0.250	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.22
117	1985	2898	0.330	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.22
118	1985	2991	0.150	34.25220	-119.1431	34	0.22
119	1985	2596	0.350	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.22
120	1985	2899	0.300	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.22
121	1986	2040	0.150	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.24
122	1986	2199	0.180	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.24
123	1986	2008	0.110	34.46222	-120.0258	24	0.24
124	1986	2293	0.140	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.24
126	1986	2125	0.100	37.48250	-122.2033	9	0.24
127	1986	2102	0.100	38.01694	-121.8836	9	0.24
128	1986	2499	0.260	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.24
129	1986	2249	0.250	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.24
130	1986	2460	0.160	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.24
131	1986	2484	0.310	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.24
132	1986	2898	0.270	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.24
133	1986	2525	0.220	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.24
134	1986	2420	0.220	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.24
135	1986	2492	0.280	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.24
136	1986	2899	0.220	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.24
137	1986	2589	0.140	32.63140	-117.0592	56	0.24
138	1986	2596	0.250	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.24
140	1986	2991	0.180	34.25220	-119.1431	34	0.24
141	1987	2410	0.110	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.27
142	1987	2008	0.170	34.46222	-120.0258	24	0.27
143	1987	2040	0.170	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.27
144	1987	2484	0.300	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.27
145	1987	2199	0.170	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.27
146	1987	2102	0.150	38.01694	-121.8836	9	0.27
147	1987	2460	0.170	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.27
148	1987	2492	0.230	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.27
149	1987	2125	0.120	37.48250	-122.2033	9	0.27
150	1987	2249	0.240	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.27
151	1987	2589	0.160	32.63140	-117.0592	56	0.27
152	1987	2420	0.220	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.27
153	1987	2293	0.160	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.27
154	1987	2525	0.200	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.27
155	1987	2991	0.180	34.25220	-119.1431	34	0.27
156	1987	2596	0.290	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.27
157	1987	2655	0.110	38.31139	-122.2942	22	0.27
158	1987	2499	0.290	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.27
159	1987	2899	0.220	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.27
160	1987	2898	0.290	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.27
161	1988	2199	0.200	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.31
162	1988	2008	0.110	34.46222	-120.0258	24	0.31
163	1988	2410	0.120	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.31
164	1988	2125	0.100	37.48250	-122.2033	9	0.31
165	1988	2102	0.120	38.01694	-121.8836	9	0.31
166	1988	2040	0.220	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.31
167	1988	2484	0.300	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.31
168	1988	2293	0.130	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.31
169	1988	2249	0.290	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.31
170	1988	2655	0.100	38.31139	-122.2942	22	0.31
171	1988	2525	0.230	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.31
172	1988	2460	0.190	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.31
173	1988	2492	0.240	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.31
174	1988	2596	0.280	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.31
175	1988	2499	0.290	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.31
176	1988	2589	0.220	32.63140	-117.0592	56	0.31
177	1988	2420	0.250	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.31
178	1988	2898	0.290	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.31
179	1988	2991	0.160	34.25220	-119.1431	34	0.31
180	1988	2899	0.210	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.31
181	1989	2410	0.120	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.33
182	1989	2199	0.190	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.33
183	1989	2484	0.330	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.33
184	1989	2125	0.100	37.48250	-122.2033	9	0.33
185	1989	2040	0.230	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.33
186	1989	2525	0.210	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.33
187	1989	2293	0.120	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.33
188	1989	2008	0.190	34.46222	-120.0258	24	0.33
189	1989	2589	0.160	32.63140	-117.0592	56	0.33
190	1989	2420	0.230	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.33
191	1989	2460	0.200	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.33
192	1989	2102	0.110	38.01694	-121.8836	9	0.33
193	1989	2898	0.250	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.33
194	1989	2991	0.190	34.25220	-119.1431	34	0.33
195	1989	2655	0.100	38.31139	-122.2942	22	0.33
196	1989	2249	0.260	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.33
197	1989	2596	0.270	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.33
198	1989	2492	0.200	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.33
199	1989	2899	0.250	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.33
200	1989	2499	0.270	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.33
201	1990	2199	0.170	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.33
202	1990	2008	0.110	34.46222	-120.0258	24	0.33
203	1990	2410	0.110	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.33
205	1990	2484	0.230	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.33
206	1990	2293	0.130	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.33
207	1990	2040	0.200	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.33
208	1990	2589	0.150	32.63140	-117.0592	56	0.33
209	1990	2525	0.190	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.33
210	1990	2460	0.170	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.33
211	1990	2102	0.110	38.01694	-121.8836	9	0.33
212	1990	2596	0.290	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.33
213	1990	2420	0.190	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.33
215	1990	2249	0.210	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.33
216	1990	2899	0.200	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.33
217	1990	2898	0.240	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.33
218	1990	2492	0.200	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.33
219	1990	2499	0.330	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.33
220	1990	2991	0.120	34.25220	-119.1431	34	0.33
221	1991	2008	0.110	34.46222	-120.0258	24	0.33
222	1991	2199	0.180	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.33
224	1991	2040	0.180	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.33
226	1991	2293	0.120	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.33
227	1991	2249	0.210	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.33
228	1991	2484	0.280	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.33
229	1991	2525	0.200	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.33
230	1991	2460	0.150	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.33
231	1991	2410	0.110	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.33
232	1991	2420	0.220	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.33
233	1991	2655	0.110	38.31139	-122.2942	22	0.33
234	1991	2499	0.270	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.33
235	1991	2492	0.220	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.33
236	1991	2898	0.240	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.33
237	1991	2991	0.120	34.25220	-119.1431	34	0.33
238	1991	2596	0.240	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.33
239	1991	2589	0.150	32.63140	-117.0592	56	0.33
240	1991	2899	0.190	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.33
242	1992	2991	0.141	34.25220	-119.1431	34	0.33
243	1992	2898	0.260	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.33
244	1992	2420	0.170	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.33
245	1992	2040	0.160	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.33
246	1992	2899	0.200	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.33
247	1992	2596	0.260	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.33
248	1992	2484	0.270	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.33
249	1992	2199	0.150	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.33
250	1992	2008	0.130	34.46222	-120.0258	24	0.33
251	1992	2589	0.150	32.63140	-117.0592	56	0.33
252	1992	2460	0.170	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.33
253	1992	2410	0.100	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.33
255	1992	2525	0.210	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.33
256	1992	2499	0.280	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.33
257	1992	2293	0.120	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.33
258	1992	2249	0.210	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.33
259	1992	2102	0.110	38.01694	-121.8836	9	0.33
260	1992	2492	0.220	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.33
261	1993	2525	0.200	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.33
262	1993	2499	0.240	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.33
263	1993	2492	0.180	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.33
264	1993	2199	0.170	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.33
265	1993	2460	0.187	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.33
266	1993	2899	0.160	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.33
267	1993	2125	0.100	37.48250	-122.2033	9	0.33
268	1993	2102	0.130	38.01694	-121.8836	9	0.33
269	1993	2008	0.110	34.46222	-120.0258	24	0.33
270	1993	2249	0.190	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.33
271	1993	2589	0.133	32.63140	-117.0592	56	0.33
272	1993	2991	0.138	34.25220	-119.1431	34	0.33
273	1993	2898	0.210	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.33
274	1993	2655	0.120	38.31139	-122.2942	22	0.33
275	1993	2040	0.146	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.33
276	1993	2484	0.240	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.33
277	1993	2596	0.260	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.33
278	1993	2420	0.190	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.33
279	1993	2410	0.110	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.33
280	1993	2293	0.130	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.33
281	1994	2420	0.140	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.34
282	1994	2898	0.241	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.34
284	1994	2525	0.184	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.34
285	1994	2410	0.100	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.34
286	1994	2293	0.120	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.34
288	1994	2499	0.265	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.34
289	1994	2484	0.251	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.34
290	1994	2249	0.252	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.34
291	1994	2991	0.115	34.25220	-119.1431	34	0.34
292	1994	2596	0.253	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.34
293	1994	2460	0.147	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.34
294	1994	2199	0.165	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.34
295	1994	2040	0.102	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.34
296	1994	2899	0.193	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.34
297	1994	2492	0.167	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.34
298	1994	2102	0.111	38.01694	-121.8836	9	0.34
299	1994	2008	0.106	34.46222	-120.0258	24	0.34
301	1995	2040	0.120	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.37
302	1995	2249	0.160	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.37
303	1995	2199	0.160	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.37
304	1995	2008	0.135	34.46222	-120.0258	24	0.37
305	1995	2102	0.124	38.01694	-121.8836	9	0.37
306	1995	2420	0.145	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.37
307	1995	2410	0.133	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.37
308	1995	2125	0.140	37.48250	-122.2033	9	0.37
309	1995	2492	0.165	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.37
310	1995	2499	0.256	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.37
311	1995	2484	0.212	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.37
312	1995	2293	0.153	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.37
313	1995	2460	0.146	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.37
314	1995	2589	0.140	32.63140	-117.0592	56	0.37
315	1995	2525	0.202	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.37
316	1995	2655	0.130	38.31139	-122.2942	22	0.37
317	1995	2899	0.167	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.37
318	1995	2898	0.215	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.37
319	1995	2596	0.213	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.37
320	1995	2991	0.124	34.25220	-119.1431	34	0.37
321	1996	2008	0.120	34.46222	-120.0258	24	0.40
322	1996	2410	0.112	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.40
323	1996	2420	0.205	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.40
324	1996	2102	0.121	38.01694	-121.8836	9	0.40
325	1996	2040	0.120	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.40
327	1996	2125	0.097	37.48250	-122.2033	9	0.40
328	1996	2492	0.142	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.40
329	1996	2199	0.160	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.40
330	1996	2898	0.187	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.40
331	1996	2484	0.196	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.40
332	1996	2293	0.100	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.40
333	1996	2249	0.150	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.40
334	1996	2899	0.144	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.40
335	1996	2525	0.180	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.40
336	1996	2460	0.138	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.40
338	1996	2499	0.234	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.40
339	1996	2991	0.121	34.25220	-119.1431	34	0.40
340	1996	2596	0.203	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.40
341	1997	2410	0.103	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.42
342	1997	2040	0.115	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.42
343	1997	2420	0.121	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.42
344	1997	2199	0.155	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.42
345	1997	2589	0.117	32.63140	-117.0592	56	0.42
349	1997	2898	0.156	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.42
350	1997	2484	0.162	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.42
351	1997	2492	0.134	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.42
352	1997	2249	0.134	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.42
353	1997	2991	0.102	34.25220	-119.1431	34	0.42
354	1997	2525	0.136	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.42
355	1997	2293	0.109	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.42
356	1997	2899	0.120	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.42
358	1997	2460	0.136	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.42
359	1997	2596	0.187	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.42
360	1997	2499	0.205	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.42
361	1998	2040	0.125	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.44
363	1998	2102	0.097	38.01694	-121.8836	9	0.44
364	1998	2492	0.177	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.44
365	1998	2249	0.182	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.44
366	1998	2410	0.119	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.44
367	1998	2199	0.173	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.44
368	1998	2420	0.161	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.44
369	1998	2484	0.195	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.44
370	1998	2293	0.115	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.44
373	1998	2525	0.149	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.44
374	1998	2460	0.164	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.44
375	1998	2899	0.148	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.44
376	1998	2898	0.184	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.44
377	1998	2655	0.125	38.31139	-122.2942	22	0.44
378	1998	2499	0.244	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.44
379	1998	2991	0.106	34.25220	-119.1431	34	0.44
380	1998	2596	0.195	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.44
382	1999	2040	0.104	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.47
383	1999	2410	0.113	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.47
385	1999	2199	0.126	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.47
386	1999	2008	0.088	34.46222	-120.0258	24	0.47
387	1999	2293	0.133	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.47
388	1999	2525	0.112	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.47
389	1999	2492	0.120	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.47
390	1999	2249	0.116	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.47
391	1999	2589	0.105	32.63140	-117.0592	56	0.47
392	1999	2655	0.115	38.31139	-122.2942	22	0.47
393	1999	2420	0.100	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.47
394	1999	2484	0.137	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.47
395	1999	2898	0.141	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.47
396	1999	2596	0.142	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.47
397	1999	2460	0.124	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.47
398	1999	2899	0.128	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.47
399	1999	2991	0.103	34.25220	-119.1431	34	0.47
400	1999	2499	0.174	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.47
402	2000	2125	0.083	37.48250	-122.2033	9	0.50
403	2000	2199	0.124	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.50
404	2000	2249	0.137	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.50
405	2000	2040	0.118	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.50
406	2000	2420	0.109	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.50
407	2000	2492	0.152	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.50
408	2000	2293	0.102	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.50
409	2000	2102	0.107	38.01694	-121.8836	9	0.50
410	2000	2460	0.121	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.50
411	2000	2484	0.174	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.50
413	2000	2410	0.079	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.50
414	2000	2898	0.152	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.50
416	2000	2499	0.176	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.50
417	2000	2525	0.164	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.50
419	2000	2596	0.140	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.50
420	2000	2899	0.136	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.50
421	2001	2040	0.135	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.52
422	2001	2199	0.137	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.52
424	2001	2102	0.118	38.01694	-121.8836	9	0.52
425	2001	2492	0.129	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.52
426	2001	2249	0.114	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.52
428	2001	2125	0.105	37.48250	-122.2033	9	0.52
429	2001	2484	0.189	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.52
430	2001	2293	0.109	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.52
431	2001	2460	0.135	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.52
432	2001	2420	0.140	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.52
433	2001	2589	0.102	32.63140	-117.0592	56	0.52
434	2001	2525	0.152	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.52
435	2001	2898	0.144	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.52
437	2001	2499	0.170	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.52
438	2001	2596	0.143	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.52
439	2001	2899	0.116	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.52
441	2002	2040	0.112	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.55
443	2002	2102	0.111	38.01694	-121.8836	9	0.55
444	2002	2492	0.128	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.55
445	2002	2199	0.136	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.55
446	2002	2410	0.109	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.55
448	2002	2293	0.110	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.55
449	2002	2249	0.121	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.55
450	2002	2420	0.152	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.55
451	2002	2484	0.136	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.55
452	2002	2525	0.147	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.55
453	2002	2460	0.121	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.55
454	2002	2499	0.161	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.55
455	2002	2589	0.115	32.63140	-117.0592	56	0.55
456	2002	2898	0.150	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.55
457	2002	2655	0.116	38.31139	-122.2942	22	0.55
459	2002	2596	0.155	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.55
460	2002	2899	0.122	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.55
461	2003	2199	0.141	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.58
463	2003	2040	0.107	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.58
464	2003	2249	0.165	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.58
465	2003	2410	0.101	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.58
467	2003	2492	0.134	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.58
468	2003	2499	0.163	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.58
469	2003	2420	0.179	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.58
470	2003	2125	0.113	37.48250	-122.2033	9	0.58
471	2003	2293	0.123	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.58
472	2003	2596	0.169	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.58
474	2003	2484	0.150	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.58
475	2003	2460	0.125	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.58
476	2003	2899	0.152	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.58
477	2003	2525	0.155	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.58
478	2003	2655	0.105	38.31139	-122.2942	22	0.58
479	2003	2898	0.161	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.58
482	2004	2040	0.105	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.61
483	2004	2125	0.097	37.48250	-122.2033	9	0.61
484	2004	2008	0.109	34.46222	-120.0258	24	0.61
485	2004	2484	0.134	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.61
486	2004	2492	0.137	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.61
487	2004	2199	0.125	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.61
488	2004	2410	0.104	38.10250	-122.2381	30	0.61
489	2004	2525	0.128	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.61
492	2004	2420	0.131	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.61
494	2004	2460	0.106	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.61
495	2004	2589	0.097	32.63140	-117.0592	56	0.61
497	2004	2499	0.163	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.61
498	2004	2898	0.131	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.61
499	2004	2899	0.110	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.61
500	2004	2596	0.141	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.61
503	2005	2420	0.138	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.62
506	2005	2199	0.139	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.62
507	2005	2899	0.121	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.62
511	2005	2898	0.140	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.62
513	2005	2484	0.145	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.62
514	2005	2492	0.142	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.62
516	2005	2525	0.126	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.62
517	2005	2460	0.113	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.62
518	2005	2293	0.105	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.62
519	2005	2596	0.144	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.62
520	2005	2499	0.182	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.62
521	2006	2499	0.164	34.24139	-117.2756	1384	0.62
522	2006	2898	0.151	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.62
523	2006	2525	0.169	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.62
525	2006	2596	0.151	34.00056	-117.4153	250	0.62
526	2006	2420	0.158	34.19917	-118.5328	226	0.62
527	2006	2199	0.126	33.81944	-116.4900	171	0.62
528	2006	2460	0.121	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.62
529	2006	2899	0.108	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.62
530	2006	2492	0.166	34.17580	-118.3169	168	0.62
533	2006	2249	0.146	33.92528	-117.9522	82	0.62
535	2006	2293	0.102	37.53583	-121.9617	24	0.62
537	2006	2102	0.105	38.01694	-121.8836	9	0.62
538	2006	2040	0.108	32.83640	-117.1289	135	0.62
539	2006	2484	0.165	34.13640	-117.9239	183	0.62

7 Ozone concentration Vs. Global Temperature over time

The animated plot below shows how the ozone concentration and global temperature has changed over time. This shows that on average the overall ozone concentration and range has decreased even though the global temperature has steadily increased.

8 Ozone Concentration Over Time

We saw previously that the annual average ozone concentration was decreasing and becoming less sparse over time. To see how the concentration at all locations has changed over time, the scatterplot below was created. This shows a steeps decrease in ozone concentration from the year 1980 to 2000, with a plateau from 2000 to 2005.

Summary of linear model statistics

Date	INDEX	VARIABLE	LOCATION	MTH_1	MTH_2	MTH_3	MTH_4	MTH_5	MTH_6	MTH_7	MTH_8	MTH_9	MTH_10	MTH_11	MTH_12	ANNUAL	COMP_DAYS	HI_COVER	COMP_SITES	LATITUDE	LONGITUDE	ELEVATION	No_Smoothing	Lowess
1980	1	OZMAX1HR	2008	0.07	0.10	0.08	0.09	0.11	0.12	0.08	0.08	0.10	0.12	0.10	0.09	0.12	335	97	1	34.46222	-120.0258	24	0.26	0.2
1980	244	OZMAX1HR	2460	0.06	0.12	0.14	0.17	0.15	0.19	0.21	0.19	0.17	0.23	0.16	0.09	0.23	352	95	1	32.84220	-116.7683	603	0.26	0.2
1980	487	OZMAX1HR	2899	0.05	0.11	0.10	0.21	0.17	0.24	0.19	0.21	0.23	0.29	0.14	0.15	0.29	356	98	1	34.06640	-118.2267	87	0.26	0.2
1980	460	OZMAX1HR	2898	0.05	0.10	0.10	0.25	0.20	0.26	0.28	0.28	0.27	0.37	0.18	0.12	0.37	357	99	1	34.06667	-117.7500	270	0.26	0.2
1980	433	OZMAX1HR	2655	0.03	0.06	0.04	0.08	0.06	0.08	0.12	0.11	0.11	0.12	0.05	0.06	0.12	348	98	1	38.31139	-122.2942	22	0.26	0.2
1980	352	OZMAX1HR	2525	0.05	0.12	0.15	0.17	0.19	0.20	0.22	0.20	0.23	0.29	0.18	0.10	0.29	358	95	1	33.78889	-117.2278	439	0.26	0.2

9 Predictive model

Since the ozone concentration appears to be decreasing linearly with time, a linear model was trained to predict ozone concentration. The training data was created using a 80 random split of the historic ozone data. You can test this model out yourself using your own data, just upload a csv file of data with columns like the table shown above! You can also use the historic testing data by clicking submit without uploading. The r-squared value for the trained model is 0.94 The average model accuracy for this data is 0.93.

Predicted Ozone concentrations over time

	predicted	Date	Actual	error	accuracy
7	0.3091759	1980	0.310	0.0026585	0.9973415
8	0.1589914	1980	0.160	0.0063035	0.9936965
13	0.4287933	1980	0.410	0.0458374	0.9541626
15	0.3654713	1980	0.350	0.0442036	0.9557964
21	0.1163272	1981	0.120	0.0306069	0.9693931
22	0.2039821	1981	0.190	0.0735902	0.9264098
23	0.2664797	1981	0.240	0.1103319	0.8896681
26	0.1094275	1981	0.130	0.1582496	0.8417504
29	0.2632036	1981	0.270	0.0251718	0.9748282
39	0.1707683	1981	0.160	0.0673016	0.9326984
44	0.1013887	1982	0.100	0.0138870	0.9861130
50	0.1706620	1982	0.200	0.1466899	0.8533101
52	0.1301423	1982	0.140	0.0704123	0.9295877
68	0.2897386	1983	0.270	0.0731058	0.9268942
78	0.2598280	1983	0.260	0.0006616	0.9993384
81	0.2005111	1984	0.280	0.2838888	0.7161112
82	0.1895047	1984	0.200	0.0524765	0.9475235
84	0.1197116	1984	0.110	0.0882875	0.9117125
88	0.3391614	1984	0.310	0.0940690	0.9059310
100	0.2691403	1984	0.290	0.0719299	0.9280701
102	0.2295887	1985	0.220	0.0435852	0.9564148
105	0.1133198	1985	0.130	0.1283090	0.8716910
118	0.1668024	1985	0.150	0.1120160	0.8879840
120	0.2826620	1985	0.300	0.0577933	0.9422067
127	0.1095538	1986	0.100	0.0955383	0.9044617
131	0.3241265	1986	0.310	0.0455693	0.9544307
134	0.2422146	1986	0.220	0.1009754	0.8990246
140	0.1496438	1986	0.180	0.1686458	0.8313542
143	0.1620691	1987	0.170	0.0466522	0.9533478
146	0.1385675	1987	0.150	0.0762167	0.9237833
147	0.1988623	1987	0.170	0.1697782	0.8302218
148	0.2578056	1987	0.230	0.1208938	0.8791062
164	0.1055704	1988	0.100	0.0557041	0.9442959
167	0.3193914	1988	0.300	0.0646379	0.9353621
170	0.1141567	1988	0.100	0.1415668	0.8584332
171	0.2353594	1988	0.230	0.0233016	0.9766984
175	0.2858900	1988	0.290	0.0141725	0.9858275
177	0.2555212	1988	0.250	0.0220848	0.9779152
178	0.2863360	1988	0.290	0.0126344	0.9873656
179	0.1615596	1988	0.160	0.0097473	0.9902527
180	0.2152140	1988	0.210	0.0248284	0.9751716
181	0.1106817	1989	0.120	0.0776521	0.9223479
182	0.1858834	1989	0.190	0.0216664	0.9783336
187	0.1433774	1989	0.120	0.1948120	0.8051880
195	0.1033648	1989	0.100	0.0336478	0.9663522
198	0.2120130	1989	0.200	0.0600648	0.9399352
199	0.2253220	1989	0.250	0.0987118	0.9012882
206	0.1204976	1990	0.130	0.0730952	0.9269048
208	0.1423696	1990	0.150	0.0508696	0.9491304
209	0.2110159	1990	0.190	0.1106100	0.8893900
215	0.2221785	1990	0.210	0.0579928	0.9420072
226	0.1272131	1991	0.120	0.0601095	0.9398905
243	0.2541563	1992	0.260	0.0224756	0.9775244
244	0.1933736	1992	0.170	0.1374917	0.8625083
256	0.2736555	1992	0.280	0.0226589	0.9773411
259	0.1177949	1992	0.110	0.0708630	0.9291370
265	0.1866662	1993	0.187	0.0017850	0.9982150
276	0.2747617	1993	0.240	0.1448403	0.8551597
291	0.1319011	1994	0.115	0.1469658	0.8530342
305	0.1357024	1995	0.124	0.0943744	0.9056256
307	0.1213827	1995	0.133	0.0873478	0.9126522
320	0.1186358	1995	0.124	0.0432599	0.9567401
331	0.2030036	1996	0.196	0.0357329	0.9642671
332	0.1165558	1996	0.100	0.1655585	0.8344415
333	0.1504845	1996	0.150	0.0032303	0.9967697
340	0.1896650	1996	0.203	0.0656895	0.9343105
344	0.1389846	1997	0.155	0.1033250	0.8966750
345	0.1312855	1997	0.117	0.1220981	0.8779019
355	0.0903659	1997	0.109	0.1709548	0.8290452
365	0.1518273	1998	0.182	0.1657839	0.8342161
366	0.1128707	1998	0.119	0.0515063	0.9484937
380	0.1893688	1998	0.195	0.0288782	0.9711218
387	0.1166185	1999	0.133	0.1231689	0.8768311
388	0.1223068	1999	0.112	0.0920252	0.9079748
391	0.1070114	1999	0.105	0.0191563	0.9808437
394	0.1533250	1999	0.137	0.1191604	0.8808396
396	0.1475562	1999	0.142	0.0391279	0.9608721
398	0.1265270	1999	0.128	0.0115078	0.9884922
404	0.1246157	2000	0.137	0.0903960	0.9096040
417	0.1610406	2000	0.164	0.0180452	0.9819548
424	0.1132601	2001	0.118	0.0401688	0.9598312
425	0.1345924	2001	0.129	0.0433518	0.9566482
432	0.1330993	2001	0.140	0.0492908	0.9507092
443	0.1165189	2002	0.111	0.0497199	0.9502801
444	0.1456881	2002	0.128	0.1381885	0.8618115
445	0.1341716	2002	0.136	0.0134441	0.9865559
450	0.1670194	2002	0.152	0.0988119	0.9011881
454	0.1612436	2002	0.161	0.0015128	0.9984872
455	0.1119970	2002	0.115	0.0261129	0.9738871
456	0.1525099	2002	0.150	0.0167326	0.9832674
467	0.1525634	2003	0.134	0.1385325	0.8614675
468	0.1677137	2003	0.163	0.0289183	0.9710817
471	0.1200373	2003	0.123	0.0240873	0.9759127
472	0.1781065	2003	0.169	0.0538848	0.9461152
478	0.1079325	2003	0.105	0.0279289	0.9720711
484	0.1125045	2004	0.109	0.0321517	0.9678483
523	0.1466637	2006	0.169	0.1321677	0.8678323

df <- cbind(predicted, test$ANNUAL)
df

##      predicted      
## 7   0.30917587 0.310
## 8   0.15899144 0.160
## 13  0.42879334 0.410
## 15  0.36547125 0.350
## 21  0.11632718 0.120
## 22  0.20398213 0.190
## 23  0.26647967 0.240
## 26  0.10942755 0.130
## 29  0.26320360 0.270
## 39  0.17076826 0.160
## 44  0.10138870 0.100
## 50  0.17066203 0.200
## 52  0.13014228 0.140
## 68  0.28973856 0.270
## 78  0.25982800 0.260
## 81  0.20051114 0.280
## 82  0.18950469 0.200
## 84  0.11971162 0.110
## 88  0.33916138 0.310
## 100 0.26914032 0.290
## 102 0.22958875 0.220
## 105 0.11331983 0.130
## 118 0.16680239 0.150
## 120 0.28266202 0.300
## 127 0.10955383 0.100
## 131 0.32412647 0.310
## 134 0.24221459 0.220
## 140 0.14964375 0.180
## 143 0.16206913 0.170
## 146 0.13856750 0.150
## 147 0.19886230 0.170
## 148 0.25780557 0.230
## 164 0.10557041 0.100
## 167 0.31939136 0.300
## 170 0.11415668 0.100
## 171 0.23535937 0.230
## 175 0.28588999 0.290
## 177 0.25552121 0.250
## 178 0.28633603 0.290
## 179 0.16155957 0.160
## 180 0.21521396 0.210
## 181 0.11068175 0.120
## 182 0.18588338 0.190
## 187 0.14337744 0.120
## 195 0.10336478 0.100
## 198 0.21201297 0.200
## 199 0.22532205 0.250
## 206 0.12049763 0.130
## 208 0.14236955 0.150
## 209 0.21101590 0.190
## 215 0.22217849 0.210
## 226 0.12721314 0.120
## 243 0.25415635 0.260
## 244 0.19337358 0.170
## 256 0.27365550 0.280
## 259 0.11779493 0.110
## 265 0.18666620 0.187
## 276 0.27476168 0.240
## 291 0.13190106 0.115
## 305 0.13570243 0.124
## 307 0.12138274 0.133
## 320 0.11863577 0.124
## 331 0.20300365 0.196
## 332 0.11655585 0.100
## 333 0.15048454 0.150
## 340 0.18966503 0.203
## 344 0.13898463 0.155
## 345 0.13128547 0.117
## 355 0.09036592 0.109
## 365 0.15182733 0.182
## 366 0.11287075 0.119
## 380 0.18936875 0.195
## 387 0.11661854 0.133
## 388 0.12230682 0.112
## 391 0.10701141 0.105
## 394 0.15332497 0.137
## 396 0.14755616 0.142
## 398 0.12652700 0.128
## 404 0.12461574 0.137
## 417 0.16104058 0.164
## 424 0.11326008 0.118
## 425 0.13459238 0.129
## 432 0.13309928 0.140
## 443 0.11651891 0.111
## 444 0.14568812 0.128
## 445 0.13417161 0.136
## 450 0.16701941 0.152
## 454 0.16124355 0.161
## 455 0.11199702 0.115
## 456 0.15250989 0.150
## 467 0.15256335 0.134
## 468 0.16771369 0.163
## 471 0.12003727 0.123
## 472 0.17810653 0.169
## 478 0.10793254 0.105
## 484 0.11250453 0.109
## 523 0.14666365 0.169